Njengoba abantu bekhula, ukwehla kokusebenza kobuchopho kuba sobala kakhulu. Kubantu abaneminyaka engu-20-49, iningi liqala ukubona ukwehla komsebenzi wokuqonda lapho belahlekelwa inkumbulo noma ukukhohlwa. Kulabo abaneminyaka yobudala engama-50-59, ukugcwaliseka kokuncipha kwengqondo kuvame ukufika lapho beqala ukuzwa ukwehla okuphawulekayo kwenkumbulo.
Lapho uhlola izindlela zokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kobuchopho, amaqembu eminyaka ahlukene agxila ezicini ezihlukene. Abantu abaneminyaka engu-20-29 bavame ukugxila ekuthuthukiseni ukulala ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kobuchopho (44.7%), kuyilapho abantu abaneminyaka engu-30-39 benesithakazelo kakhulu ekwehliseni ukukhathala (47.5%). Kulabo abaneminyaka engu-40-59, ukuthuthukisa ukunakwa kuthathwa njengokhiye wokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kobuchopho (iminyaka engu-40-49: 44%, iminyaka engu-50-59: 43.4%).
Izithako Ezidumile Emakethe Yezempilo Yengqondo YaseJapan
Ngokuvumelana nokuthambekela komhlaba wonke kokuphishekela impilo enempilo, imakethe yokudla esebenzayo yaseJapan igcizelela ikakhulukazi izixazululo zezinkinga ezithile zezempilo, impilo yobuchopho iyiphuzu elibalulekile eligxile kakhulu. NgoDisemba 11, 2024, iJapane yayisibhalise ukudla okusebenzayo okungu-1,012 (ngokusho kwedatha esemthethweni), okuyi-79 yakhona eyayihlobene nempilo yobuchopho. Phakathi kwalokhu, i-GABA yayiyisithako esisetshenziswa kakhulu, silandelwailutein/zeaxanthinukukhishwa kweqabunga le-ginkgo (ama-flavonoids, ama-terpenoids),I-DHA, Bifidobacterium MCC1274, Portulaca oleracea saponins, paclitaxel, imidazolidine peptides,I-PQQ, kanye ne-ergothioneine.
1. GABA
I-GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) iyi-amino acid engeyona i-proteinogenic eyatholwa okokuqala ngu-Steward kanye nozakwabo ezicubu ze-tuber zamazambane ngo-1949. Ngo-1950, uRoberts et al. ikhombe i-GABA ebuchosheni bezilwane ezincelisayo, eyakhiwe nge-α-decarboxylation engenakuhlehliswa ye-glutamate noma usawoti wayo, ocutshungulwa yi-glutamate decarboxylase.
I-GABA iyi-neurotransmitter ebalulekile etholakala kakhulu ohlelweni lwezinzwa oluncelisayo. Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ukunciphisa injabulo ye-neuronal ngokuvimbela ukudluliselwa kwezimpawu ze-neural. Ebuchosheni, ibhalansi phakathi kwe-neurotransmission evimbelayo exhunywe yi-GABA kanye ne-neurotransmission ejabulisayo exhunywe yi-glutamate ibalulekile ekugcineni ukuqina kolwelwesi lwamangqamuzana nokusebenza okuvamile kwemizwa.
Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi i-GABA ingavimbela izinguquko ze-neurodegenerative futhi ithuthukise inkumbulo nemisebenzi yengqondo. Ucwaningo lwezilwane luphakamisa ukuthi i-GABA ithuthukisa inkumbulo yesikhathi eside kumagundane ngokuncipha kwengqondo futhi ikhuthaza ukwanda kwamaseli we-neuroendocrine PC-12. Ezivivinyweni zomtholampilo, i-GABA ikhonjiswe ukuthi yenyusa amazinga e-serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) futhi yehlise ubungozi bokuwohloka komqondo kanye nesifo i-Alzheimer kwabesifazane abaneminyaka ephakathi nendawo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-GABA inemiphumela emihle kumizwa, ukucindezeleka, ukukhathala, nokulala. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ingxube ye-GABA ne-L-theanine inganciphisa ukubambezeleka kokulala, ikhulise ubude besikhathi sokulala, futhi ilawule ukuvezwa kwe-GABA nama-glutamate GluN1 receptor subunits.
2. I-Lutein/Zeaxanthin
I-Luteiniyi-oxygen carotenoid eyakhiwe izinsalela ze-isoprene eziyisishiyagalombili, i-polyene engagcwalisiwe equkethe amabhondi ayisishiyagalolunye ayisishiyagalolunye, emunca futhi akhiphe ukukhanya kumaza amaza athile, eyinikeza izici zombala eziyingqayizivele.I-Zeaxanthini-isomer ye-lutein, ehlukile endaweni yesibopho esiphindwe kabili eringini.
I-Lutein ne-zeaxanthinyizingulube eziyinhloko ku-retina. I-Lutein itholakala kakhulu ku-peripheral retina, kanti i-zeaxanthin igxile ku-macula emaphakathi. Imiphumela yokuvikela ye-lutein ne-zeaxanthin yamehlo ihlanganisa ukuthuthukisa umbono, ukuvimbela ukuwohloka kwe-macular okuhlobene neminyaka (AMD), ulwelwesi lwama-cataract, i-glaucoma, nokuvimbela i-retinopathy ezinganeni ezizalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
Ngo-2017, abacwaningi baseYunivesithi yaseGeorgia bathola ukuthi i-lutein ne-zeaxanthin zinethonya elihle empilweni yobuchopho kubantu abadala. Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi ababambiqhaza abanamazinga aphezulu e-lutein ne-zeaxanthin babonise umsebenzi wobuchopho obuphansi lapho benza imisebenzi yokukhumbula amagama-embili, okuphakamisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-neural.
Ukwengeza, ucwaningo lubike ukuthi i-Lutemax 2020, isithasiselo se-lutein esivela ku-Omeo, ikhulise kakhulu izinga le-BDNF (i-neurotrophic factor etholakala ebuchosheni), iphrotheni ebalulekile ehilelekile ku-neural plasticity, futhi ebalulekile ekukhuleni nasekuhlukaniseni ama-neurons, futhi ahlobene ukufunda okuthuthukisiwe, inkumbulo, nokusebenza kwengqondo.
(Amafomula wesakhiwo se-lutein ne-zeaxanthin)
3. I-Ginkgo Leaf Extract (Flavonoids, Terpenoids)
Ginkgo biloba, okuwukuphela kwezinhlobo ezisekhona emndenini we-ginkgo, ngokuvamile zibizwa ngokuthi "izinsalela eziphilayo." Amaqabunga nembewu yawo kuvame ukusetshenziswa ocwaningweni lwemithi futhi ingenye yemithi yemvelo esetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele. Izithako ezisebenzayo ekukhishweni kweqabunga le-ginkgo ikakhulukazi ama-flavonoid nama-terpenoid, anezinto ezinjengokusiza ukunciphisa i-lipid, imiphumela ye-antioxidant, ukuthuthukisa inkumbulo, ukunciphisa ubunzima bamehlo, nokunikeza isivikelo emonakalweni wesibindi wamakhemikhali.
I-monograph yeNhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba wonke ezitshalweni zokwelapha icacisa lokho okwenziwe ngendlela efanayoi-ginkgookukhishwe kweqabunga kufanele kube no-22-27% we-flavonoid glycosides kanye no-5-7% we-terpenoids, nokuqukethwe kwe-ginkgolic acid ngaphansi kuka-5 mg/kg. E-Japan, i-Health and Nutrition Food Association ibeke izindinganiso zekhwalithi zokukhishwa kweqabunga le-ginkgo, okudinga okuqukethwe kwe-flavonoid glycoside okungenani okungu-24% nokuqukethwe kwe-terpenoid okungenani okungu-6%, ne-ginkgolic acid egcinwe ngaphansi kuka-5 ppm. Umthamo onconywayo wansuku zonke wabantu abadala uphakathi kuka-60 no-240 mg.
Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwesikhathi eside kweqabunga le-ginkgo elimisiwe, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-placebo, kungathuthukisa kakhulu imisebenzi ethile yokuqonda, okuhlanganisa ukunemba kwenkumbulo namandla okwahlulela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhishwa kwe-ginkgo kuye kwabikwa ukuthi kuthuthukisa ukuhamba kwegazi nobuchopho.
4. I-DHA
I-DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) iyi-omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). Kuningi ekudleni kwasolwandle kanye nemikhiqizo yazo, ikakhulukazi izinhlanzi ezinamafutha, ezihlinzeka ngamagremu angu-0.68-1.3 we-DHA ngamagremu angu-100. Ukudla okusekelwe ezilwaneni okufana namaqanda nenyama kuqukethe amanani amancane e-DHA. Ukwengeza, ubisi lwebele lomuntu kanye nobisi lwezinye izilwane ezincelisayo luqukethe i-DHA. Ucwaningo olumayelana nabesifazane abangaphezu kuka-2,400 kuzo zonke izifundo ezingu-65 luthole ukuthi isilinganiso sokuhlushwa kwe-DHA obisini lwebele singama-0.32% wesisindo esiphelele se-fatty acid, sisuka ku-0.06% siye ku-1.4%, nabantu abasogwini abanezinga eliphezulu kakhulu le-DHA obisini lwebele.
I-DHA ihlotshaniswa nokuthuthukiswa kobuchopho, ukusebenza, nezifo. Ucwaningo olunzulu lubonisa ukuthi i-DHA ingathuthukisa ukuhanjiswa kwe-neurotransmission, ukukhula kwe-neuronal, i-synaptic plasticity, nokukhululwa kwe-neurotransmitter. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-meta yezilingo ezilawulwa ngokungahleliwe eziyi-15 kubonise ukuthi isilinganiso sansuku zonke sokudla okungu-580 mg we-DHA kuthuthukisa kakhulu inkumbulo ye-episodic kubantu abadala abanempilo (abaneminyaka eyi-18-90 ubudala) kanye nalabo abanokukhubazeka okuncane kwengqondo.
Izindlela zokusebenza ze-DHA zihlanganisa: 1) ukubuyisela isilinganiso se-n-3/n-6 PUFA; 2) ukuvimbela i-neuroinflammation ehlobene neminyaka ebangelwa i-M1 microglial cell overactivation; 3) ukucindezela i-A1 astrocyte phenotype ngokwehlisa izimpawu ze-A1 ezifana ne-C3 ne-S100B; 4) ukuvimbela ngempumelelo indlela yokusayina ye-proBDNF/p75 ngaphandle kokuguqula ukusayinda okutholakala ebuchosheni kwe-neurotrophic factor-associated kinase B; kanye ne-5) ukukhuthaza ukusinda kwe-neuronal ngokwandisa amazinga e-phosphatidylserine, okwenza kube lula ukudluliselwa kwe-membrane ye-protein kinase B (Akt) nokusebenza.
5. I-Bifidobacterium MCC1274
Amathumbu, avame ukubizwa ngokuthi "ubuchopho besibili," kukhonjiswe ukuthi anokusebenzelana okubalulekile nobuchopho. Amathumbu, njengesitho esinokunyakaza okuzimele, angakwazi ukusebenza ngokuzimela ngaphandle kokufundiswa kobuchopho obuqondile. Kodwa-ke, ukuxhumana phakathi kwamathumbu nobuchopho kugcinwa ngesistimu yezinzwa ezizimele, izimpawu ze-hormonal, nama-cytokines, okwenza lokho okwaziwa ngokuthi "i-axis ye-gut-brain."
Ucwaningo luveze ukuthi amagciwane amathumbu adlala indima ekuqongeleleni amaprotheni e-β-amyloid, umaka oyinhloko we-pathological ku-Alzheimer's disease. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezilawuli ezinempilo, iziguli ze-Alzheimer zehlise ukuhlukahluka kwe-gut microbiota, ngokuncipha kobuningi obuhlobene be-Bifidobacterium.
Ocwaningweni lokungenelela kwabantu kubantu abanokukhubazeka okuncane kokuqonda (MCI), ukusetshenziswa kwe-Bifidobacterium MCC1274 kuthuthukise kakhulu ukusebenza kwengqondo ku-Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test (RBANS). Izikolo ezindaweni ezifana nenkumbulo esheshayo, ikhono lokubuka indawo, ukucubungula okuyinkimbinkimbi, kanye nenkumbulo ebambezelekile nakho kwathuthukiswa kakhulu.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jan-06-2025